2The only cases on this topic which have been decided since Mayer's article have confirmed the settled law. Federal examples include Sanderson v Allstate Insurance Co. (1990) 738 F Supp 432 and Southeast Kansas Community Action Program Inc. v Lyng (1991) 758 F Supp 1430, which both confirmed that corporations are "persons" entitled to protection under the Fourteenth Amendment, and Gulch Gaming Inc. v State of South Dakota (1991) 781 F Supp 621 and Hamilton v Lokuta (1992) 803 F Supp 82, which confirmed that corporations are not "citizens" for the purposes of the privileges and immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
3Mayer, C. Op. cit. 655; Anonymous. Op. cit.
4Pacific Gas and Electric Co. v Public Utilities Commission (1986) 475 US 1, 89 L Ed 2d 1, 33 (US) per Rehnquist J.
5Armour Packing Co. v United States (1908) 209 US 56, 52 L Ed 681; United States v RL Polk & Co. (1971) 438 F 2d 377.
6Hale v Henkel (1906) 201 US 43, 50 L Ed 652.
7United States v Martin Linen Supply Co. (1976) 430 US 564, 51 L Ed 2d 642.
8Northwestern National Life Insurance Co. v Riggs (1906) 203 US 243, 51 L Ed 168. This decision was criticised in First National Bank v Bellotti, op. cit. 778-779.
9Op. cit.
10(1990) 494 US 652, 108 L Ed 2d 652.
11First National Bank v Bellotti, op. cit. 784 per Powell J; Burger CJ, Stewart, Blackmun and Stevens JJ concurring.
12Austin v Michigan Chamber of Commerce, op. cit. 1398.
13Anonymous. Op. cit. 1651; Watts, C. Jr. "Corporate Legal Theory Under the First Amendment: Bellotti and Austin" (1991) 46 U Miami L Rev 317, 348, 356-7.
14White and Rehnquist JJ's dissents in Bellotti were premised on the fiction theory, and Scalia J's dissent in Austin was based on the contract theory of the corporation: see Anonymous. Op. cit. 1646; Watts, C. Jr. Op. cit. 358-360.
15Wheeler v Leicester City Council [1985] AC 1054, 1065 per Brown-Wilkinson LJ.
16Allan, T. "Constitutional Rights and Common Law" (1991) 11 Ox J Leg Stud 453, 457.
17[1981] 1 QB 202.
18Verrall v Great Yarmouth Borough Council, op. cit. 216.
19Op. cit.
20Wheeler v Leicester City Council, op. cit. 1066 (emphasis added). Although his Lordship dissented in that case, his judgment was affirmed on appeal to the House of Lords.
21R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Brind [1991] 1 AC 696, 761.
22Series A, No. 30.
23Case of Autronic AG, Series A, No. 178. See also the cases of Markt Intern Verlag GmbH and Klaus Beermann, Series A, No. 165, and Groppera Radio AG, Series A, No. 173.
24Irwin Toy Ltd. v Quebec (Attorney General) (1989) 58 DLR (4th) 577.
25Hunter v Southam Inc. (1984) 11 DLR (4th) 641.
26R v CIP Inc. [1992] 1 SCR 843.
27R v Amway of Canada Ltd. (1989) 56 DLR (4th) 309.
28Irwin Toy Ltd. v Quebec (Attorney General), op. cit.; Dywidag Systems International Canada Ltd. v Zutphen Brothers Construction Ltd. (1990) 68 DLR (4th) 147.
29Imperial Chemical Industries PLC v Apotex Inc. (1989) 22 CIPR 201.
30Tollefson, C. "Corporate Constitutional Rights and the Supreme Court of Canada" (1993) 19 Queen's LJ 309, 310.
31Ibid. 334.
32Op. cit.
33See Tollefson, C. Op. cit. 335.
34Op. cit.
35See Tollefson, C. Op. cit. 337-338.
36Op. cit.
37See Tollefson, C. Op. cit. 343-347.
38This is confirmed by s.4, which also provides that statutes enacted prior to the commencement of the Bill of Rights shall not be taken to have been impliedly repealed by it, and that no court shall decline to apply the provisions of a statute which is inconsistent with the Bill of Rights.
39[1993] NZAR 543.
40[1990-1992] 1 NZBORR 429.
41[1992] 3 NZLR 1.
42Environmental Protection Authority v Caltex Refining Co. Pty. Ltd. (1992-93) 178 CLR 477, 535 per Deane, Dawson and Gaudron JJ.
43[1986] 1 NZLR 195.
44Environmental Protection Authority v Caltex Refining Co. Pty. Ltd., op. cit.