1Witness the Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950, which was only struck down in Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1 because it purported to substitute the opinion of the Governor-General for that of the court as to the nexus between the Act and the defence power in s.51(vi).

2See section 5 of chapter 2.

3Kioa v West, op. cit. 570, 604, 630.

4Commonwealth v Tasmania (1983) 158 CLR 1.

5Commission. Final Report. Vol 1, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1988, 448.

6Mabo v Queensland (#2) (1992) 175 CLR 1, 42. See also Dietrich v R (1992) 177 CLR 292, 321 per Brennan J; Jago v District Court of New South Wales (1988) 12 NSWLR 558, 569 per Kirby P.

7R v Secretary of State for the Home Department; ex parte Brind, op. cit. 761 per Lord Ackner; Jago v District Court of New South Wales, ibid. 582 per Samuels JA; Dietrich v R, op. cit. 360 per Toohey J.

8R v Secretary of State for the Home Department; ex parte Brind, op. cit. 747-748 per Lord Bridge of Harwich; Dietrich v R, op. cit. 306 per Mason CJ and McHugh J, 349 per Dawson J.

9I do not here deal with public international organisations (such as UNICEF and the International Monetary Fund), whose rights are typically set out in the treaties by which they are incorporated. Neither do I deal with the rights of groups under such instruments as the Convention on the Prevention of the Crime of Genocide and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. A "group" for these purposes is defined as being "based upon unifying and spontaneous (as opposed to artificial or planned) factors essentially beyond the control of the members of the group," which could not be said of a corporation (Lerner, N. Group Rights and Discrimination in International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, 1991, 29).

10Ibid. 14.

11No. 87; ratified by Australia on 28 February 1973.

12Advisory Committee to the Constitutional Commission. Op. cit. 18.

13A table detailing the proposed alterations may be found in Campbell, E. "Changing the Constitution - Past and Future" (1989) 17 Mel UL Rev 1, 18.

14See Wilcox, M. An Australian Bill of Rights? Law Book Company, Sydney, 1993, 211-212.

15Senate Standing Committee on Constitutional and Legal Affairs. A Bill of Rights for Australia? Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1985, 35.

16Constitutional Commission. Op. cit. 490.

17McGraw-Hinds (Aust.) Pty. Ltd. v Smith (1979) 144 CLR 633, 670.

18Uebergang v Australian Wheat Board (1980) 145 CLR 266, 311-312.

19Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) Pty. Ltd. v Wardley (1980) 142 CLR 237, 267.

20Sillery v The Queen, op. cit. 234.

21Toohey, J. "A Government of Laws and Not of Men?" (1993) 4 Public L Rev 158, 170.

22Australian Capital Television Pty. Ltd. v Commonwealth, op. cit. 136.

23See Malcolm, J. "The Political Role of the High Court" (1993) vol.3 iss.1 Carpe Diem 19.

24The operation of State Constitutions are saved by s.106 of the Commonwealth Constitution.

25See Winterton, G. "Extra-Constitutional Notions in Australian Constitutional Law" (1986) 16 Fed L Rev 223, 231.

26Taylor v New Zealand Poultry Board [1984] 1 NZLR 394, 398; Fraser v State Services Commission [1984] 1 NZLR 116, 121.

27(1986) 7 NSWLR 372.

28(1988) 166 CLR 1.

29Ibid. 10.

30Winterton, G. Op. cit.

31Actors and Announcers Equity Association of Australia v Fontana Films Pty. Ltd. (1982) 150 CLR 169.

32Ibid.

33Ibid. 212.

34R v Drybones (1970) 9 DLR (3d) 473; and see O'Neill, N. "The Australian Bill of Rights 1985 and the Supremacy of Parliament" (1986) 60 ALJ 139.

35Attorney-General (New South Wales) v Trethowan (1931) 47 CLR 97.

36See Gaze, B. and Jones, M. Law, Liberty and Australian Democracy. Law Book Company, Sydney, 1990, 56.